That nagging back pain… could it be causing your knee, ankle, or even neck issues? Discover the surprising connections and how BP Chiro can help you feel better, head to toe.
Think of your lower back, or lumbar spine, as more than just that part of your body that sometimes aches. It’s truly the foundation of how you move and feel.
It’s the strong base that supports your upper body, allowing you to bend, twist, and walk. But its job goes way beyond just being a structural marvel – it’s the central hub that keeps everything connected, influencing your well-being from head to toe.
Let’s dive into why looking after your lower back is so incredibly important for your overall health.
Imagine a superhighway running through your lower back – that’s essentially what your nerve roots are. These vital nerves branch out from your spinal cord, acting as communication lines that send signals to and from your legs and feet, controlling everything from muscle movement to the sensations you feel.
But what happens when there’s a traffic jam on this highway? If your spine isn’t aligned just right, or if a disc puts pressure on a nerve (like a pesky pothole!), these signals can get disrupted. This isn’t just a local problem; the discomfort can travel, affecting areas you might not immediately connect to your back.
| Affected Joint | Nerve Root | Key Muscle Innervation | Key Joint Innervation |
| Hip Joint | Primarily L2-S1 | L2, L3: Iliopsoas (primary hip flexor), Adductors (inner thigh muscles). L4, L5: Gluteus Medius and Minimus (hip abductors and stabilizers). S1: Gluteus Maximus (powerful hip extensor), Hamstrings (assist in hip extension). | Sensory branches from these nerve roots contribute to the sensation and proprioception of the hip joint capsule and ligaments. |
| Knee Joint | Primarily L3-S2 | L3, L4: Quadriceps (primary knee extensors). L5, S1, S2: Hamstrings (knee flexors). Sciatic Nerve (formed by L4-S3): Provides innervation to most muscles acting on the knee. | Sensory branches from these nerve roots innervate the ligaments and capsule of the knee joint, providing pain and proprioceptive feedback. |
| Ankle Joint | Primarily L4-S1 | L4, L5: Tibialis Anterior (dorsiflexion – lifting the foot). L5, S1: Peroneals (eversion – turning the sole of the foot outward). S1: Gastrocnemius and Soleus (plantarflexion – pointing the toes). | Sensory branches from these nerve roots supply the ankle joint complex (talocrural, subtalar, etc.), contributing to sensation and proprioception crucial for balance and gait. |
For instance, if the L3/L4 nerve root gets irritated by the misalignment of the spine — it’s like stepping on a garden hose, interrupting the flow — that can lead to weakness in the Quadriceps muscle, which is important for Knee stability.
When this muscle isn’t working well, it’s harder for your knee to maintain stability and function of the knee joint during daily activity. This can cause uneven weight distribution within the joint, causing uneven wear and tear that may speed up the development of arthritis and degeneration over time.
The influence of the lumbar spine doesn’t stop at the lower limbs. Due to its position as the foundation of the entire spinal column, any misalignment or dysfunction in the lower back has a ripple effect upwards, impacting the cervical (neck) and thoracic (mid-back) spines through its biomechanical properties.
Imagine trying to build a tower on an uneven base. The upper levels will inevitably have to compensate to maintain balance. Similarly, when the lumbar spine is misaligned, the thoracic and cervical spines undergo compensatory movements as the individual attempts to perform everyday activities, including movements initiated in the lumbar region. Over time, this constant compensation leads to abnormal stresses and strains on the joints and soft tissues of the thoracic and cervical spine, potentially resulting in:
The good news is that you can take steps to keep your lumbar spine healthy and prevent these knock-on effects. Regular exercise that strengthens your core and back, maintaining a healthy weight, practicing good posture whether you’re sitting or standing, and incorporating regular stretching can all make a huge difference. But if you’re already experiencing pain, it’s important to get professional help to address the root cause before it leads to more serious issues elsewhere.
B.Sc. (Hon) in Chiropractic
Malaysia Registered Chiropractor
Doctorate in Business Administration
Board Certified Naturopathic Doctor
Certified KinesioTaping Practitioner
Certified Dry Needling Practitioner
1. Knee Joint Innervation – StatPearls [Internet]. (2022). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519517/table/ch3.t3/
2. Hip Joint Innervation – StatPearls [Internet]. (2022). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557752/table/article.t2/
3. How Does Spinal Misalignment Affect My Health? – Spine-health. (2017, December 18). https://www.spine-health.com/blog/how-does-spinal-misalignment-affect-my-health
4. Lumbar Plexus – Physiopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Plexus
Living With Chronic Pain – Arthritis Foundation. (n.d.). https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/emotional-well-being/living-with-chronic-pain
5. The Role of Proprioception in Joint Stability, Protection, and Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review – PMC. (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355678/
6. Neck Pain and Chiropractic – American Chiropractic Association. (n.d.).
https://www.acatoday.org/Patients/Health-Wellness-Information/Neck-Pain-and-Chiropractic
Lower back and neck pain is the most prevalent and costly health problem in Malaysia. It is rated as the ninth and fifth most common complaint in public and private primary healthcare clinics, respectively.
Many patients with lower back pain and neck pain will then seek treatment from various types of sources, such as pain medication, massage, and self-learn stretching from the internet. Some patient experiences dangerous treatment from uncertified practitioner or masseuse which worsen their symptoms. Incorrect exercises and stretches learned from the internet may increase the pain.
Combined Chiropractic and Physiotherapy care reduces lower back and neck pain efficiently!
A randomized trial of chiropractic manipulation and mobilization for patients with neck pain compared the relative effectiveness of cervical spine manipulation and mobilization for neck pain shows both is as effective in reducing neck pain and related disability among chiropractic patients. However, manipulation may be more effective than mobilization for specific clinical indications. However, chiropractic manipulation together with patients engaging in stretching, flexibility, and strengthening exercises provides a better outcome. [1]
Another research done on evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain showed chiropractic care improves outcomes for the treatment of acute and chronic neck pain. Increased benefit has been shown in several instances where a multimodal approach to neck pain has been used. [2]
A similar study was done on chiropractic manipulation for neck-low back pain and showed significant reductions in pain (Oswestry questionnaire and neck disability index) as well as visual-analog scale. [3]
Combined chiropractic interventions slightly improved pain and disability in the short-term pain in the medium-term for acute and subacute low back pain. [4]
Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back-related leg complaints showed the use of exercise in conjunction with manipulation is likely to speed and improve outcomes as well as minimize episodic recurrence. [5]
What Doctor of Chiropractics and Physiotherapists will do?
While most mechanical lower back pain and neck pain has a complicated and multiple causes, various and confusing sign and symptoms, a Doctor of Chiropractic will first acquire a complete medical history and perform a comprehensive physical examination to determine the root cause of the condition.
Physical examination includes:
Specific chiropractic adjustments will only be given after performing all the tests and determining the diagnosis of the condition. Through this thorough examination, doctors are able to determine the specific subluxation of the spine and perform a specific Chiropractic Adjustment to restore body function and reduce the pain.
The spines need to be aligned, the muscles need to be balanced
The aligned spine must have a balanced muscle to maintain its alignment.
After the adjustment, our physiotherapist will provide various treatments in order to balance and strengthen your muscle. This help to improve the functionality of our body and resolved the pain more efficiently.
Treatment provided by Physiotherapist include:
One full session of therapy can reduce pain from 20% up to 90% depending on the chronicity and the severity of the condition and pain.
Combined chiropractic and physiotherapy can efficiently reduce lower back pain and neck pain in the most natural way with no medication, no surgery, or injection needed.
Lower back pain and neck pain can be very annoying and most of the time it affects our daily living and lifestyle. Untreated lower back pain and neck pain can lead to more chronic conditions and degeneration of the spine.
Find your nearest Chiro + Physio center to resolve your pain
1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominski GF, Yu F, Adams AH. A randomized trial of chiropractic manipulation and mobilization for patients with neck pain: clinical outcomes from the UCLA neck-pain study. American Journal of Public Health. 2002 Oct;92(10):1634-41.
2. Bryans R, Decina P, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg RP, Shaw L, Watkin R, White E. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2014 Jan 1;37(1):42-63.
3. Skargren EI, Öberg BE, Carlsson PG, Gade M. Cost and effectiveness analysis of chiropractic and physiotherapy treatment for low back and neck pain: six-month follow-up. Spine. 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2167-77.
4. Walker BF, French SD, Grant W, Green S. Combined chiropractic interventions for low‐back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010(4).
5. Lawrence DJ, Meeker W, Branson R, Bronfort G, Cates JR, Haas M, Haneline M, Micozzi M, Updyke W, Mootz R, Triano JJ. Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back-related leg complaints: a literature synthesis. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2008 Nov 1;31(9):659-74.
DC Angus Poh
Doctor of Chiropractic
Board Certified Naturopathic Doctor
Certified KinesioTaping Practitioner
Certified Dry Needling Practitioner
We know pregnancy is a unique and special time in a woman’s life. Most of the time, this special time does not come without its share of physical and mental difficulties.
Pregnancy and Lower Back Pain
It has been reported that approximately more than 50% of all pregnant women experience back pain throughout their pregnancy and 50% to 75% of women experience back pain and neck pain during labor. This is because your body undergoes a variety of physiological and hormonal changes to provide an optimum environment to support your growing fetus and prepare for the upcoming birth. The good news is there is ample research showing that chiropractic care is safe and effective during pregnancy.
Prenatal Chiropractic Improved Spinal Curve Discomfort
As your baby develops and grow heavier during gestation, your normal spinal center gravity shifted and your posture is changed. This body compensation can lead to misalignment of your spinal vertebrae or other joints connected to the spine.
When your tummy is growing bigger throughout the gestation, it causes the spine to curve too far forward, which often results in significant low back and pelvis discomfort. In addition, the increase in circulating hormones such as progesterone and relaxin during pregnancy brings about pelvic hypermobility and creates a decrease in spinal stabilization.
Help Make Your Pregnancy Easier at BP Chiro!
We offer several pain and discomfort relief techniques to keep you feeling well throughout your pregnancy life. The Webster Technique in specifically is designed to improve pregnant women’s pain and associated problems during gestation period. And yes, we have tables specially designed to accommodate pregnant bodies.
Webster Technique
What Is It?
Webster technique is a prenatal specialized technique used during the pregnancy treatment. It allows the spine and pelvis to function properly during pregnancy to promote balanced movement and alignment. When the pelvis is in a balanced position, the surrounding ligaments connected to the uterus is maintain equally as a supportive suspension for the uterus. If one of the pelvis misaligned or imbalance, these ligaments and muscles will undergo torsion and stressed causes uterine constraint. Your baby would have an unfavourable environment in your tummy to grow and develop optimumly.
Is It Safe?
The Webster technique is safe for both mother and baby at all stages of pregnancy right up to delivery.
Does It Work?
Research shows the overwhelming majority of women who have been treated using Webster and Chiropractic Technique reported relief from low back pain during the pregnancy in 84% of the cases. With a balanced and aligned pelvis, babies have a greater chance of moving into their correct position for birth.
Health Benefits with Pregnancy Chiropractic
Does It Hurt?
Most women report no pain associated with the adjustment. Occasionally, there may be soreness in the muscles and tendons that have been realigned much as you would after a workout.
These techniques are GENTLE, NON-INVASIVE and DRUG-FREE!
What can I expect from a BP CHiRO Visit?
1. Bernstein C, Wayne PM, Rist PM, Osypiuk K, Hernandez A, Kowalski M. Integrating chiropractic care into the treatment of migraine headaches in a tertiary care hospital: A case series. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2019 Mar;8:2164956119835778.
2. Moore C, Leaver A, Sibbritt D, Adams J. The management of common recurrent headaches by chiropractors: a descriptive analysis of a nationally representative survey. BMC neurology. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-9.
3. Bryans R, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg R, Shaw L, Watkin R, White E. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with headache. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2011 Jun 1;34(5):274-89.
4. Borggren CL. Pregnancy and chiropractic: a narrative review of the literature. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2007 Jun 1;6(2):70-4.
5. Curnow E, Geraghty S. Chiropractic care of the pregnant woman and neonate. British Journal of Midwifery. 2019 May 2;27(5):284-7.
Slip Disc or Disc Herniation, does it sound familiar? Well undoubtedly it has been among the most prevalent cause of lower back pain these days. Nevertheless, it typically has a prevalence of 10 % in an individual’s lifetime. However, only 5% of the individual who suffers from Herniated disc are symptomatic. Studies shows that it affects male more often than female to a 3:1 ratio.
Let’s take a look at What’s a Disc Herniation?
Disc herniation is when a damaged annulus fibrosus allows the nucleus pulposus to displace from intervertebral space causing herniation or bulge. Sounds confusing? To put it in layman’s term, it’s basically when the soft jelly like disc(nucleus) in between two bones in your spine protrude out of its ruptured outer layer (annulus fibrosus) due to a possible trauma or strain. The protruded disc may or may not impinge the nerve leading to various neurological symptoms. This happens most commonly in your lower back (lumbar) at L5/S1 region.
Here are some of the most common causes of Disc Herniation below:
How do we in BP Chiro, evaluate if you are suffering from Disc Herniation?
Well, it starts as soon as u set foot into our Dr’s room, we start of by watching your gait, which is the way you walk into our clinic, thereafter we ask you a series of medical history, do appropriate physical examination, check on your range of motion, sensory, reflexes and so on. Adding to that we do an orthopaedic test, it’s a test that recreates the pain you have which allows us to narrow down to a proper diagnosis. If you happen to have neurological signs (numbness, tingling) we would first advise you to do an MRI. Why you ask? It allows us to evaluate in precision the region of slip disc and the possible nerve compromised.
What are the signs and symptoms to look out for?
Treatment is administered from case-to-case basis, tailor made for each and every individual as no one individual is the same. Here are some treatments that you can expect to look forward to:
Headaches has been a worldwide problem that impacted people regardless of their age, culture and economic status. According to WHO, 50% of adults between the age of 18-65 has been suffering from headache. (1) More than 90% of the population across the globe experience headache at least once in a lifetime. Those who suffer from headaches revealed a reduction in quality of life along with increase dependency on people around them.
There are 3 variations of headaches
1. Tension-type headache
2. Cervicogenic headaches
3. Migraine Headache
Headaches can be due to factors such as:
MOST COMMON SOLUTION FOR HEADACHES (2,3)
“I’M TIRED OF TAKING ALL THIS MEDICATIONS, IS THERE ANY OTHER WAY THAT CAN HELP?”
“WHY NOT SEEK HELP FROM A CHIROPRACTOR OR PHYSICAL THERAPIST?”
SOFT TISSUES TECHNIQUES
Research done in 2019 showed patients with migraine who received soft tissue techniques (STTs) performed by physical therapist has reduce frequency of both migraine and its associated disabilities. (4)
DRY NEEDLING THECHNIQUES
Dry needling technique has been popular for the past decade. This technique was practiced by health care professionals such as physical therapist and chiropractors. (6) A systematic review reported that dry needling showed similar effectiveness when compared to other intervention in treating headaches and was associated with improvement in both sensory and functional outcomes. (7)
LASER THERAPY
Recent systemic review showed the effectiveness of Laser therapy in the treatment of headaches. Various studies showed that Laser not only help in reducing the pain and frequency of headache but also relaxation of muscles and also regeneration of cells. (8)
Headache is one of the common cause of disability and affect out daily activity significantly. Headache can be treated without medication. Seek your nearest chiropractic and physiotherapy center for your headache solution!
1. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Headache disorders. World Health Organization. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders#:~:text=Globally%2C%20it%20has%20been%20estimated,or%20more%20have%20reported%20migraine.
2. Steiner, T. J., & Fontebasso, M. (2002, October 19). Headache. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124385/#:~:text=Headache%20is%20often%20described%20as,can%20be%20daily%20ahttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124385/#:~:text=Headache%20is%20often%20described%20as,can%20be%20daily%20and%20unremitting.nd%20unremitting.
3. Lee, V. M. E., Ang, L. L., Soon, D. T. L., Ong, J. J. Y., & Loh, V. W. K. (2018, August). The adult patient with headache. Singapore medical journal. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6109828/
4. Rezaeian, T., Mosallanezhad, Z., Nourbakhsh, M. R., Ahmadi, M., & Nourozi, M. (2019, December). The impact of soft tissue techniques in the management of migraine headache: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of chiropractic medicine. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486477/
5. Victoria Espí-López, G., Arnal-Gómez, A., Arbós-Berenguer, T., González, Á. A. L., & Vicente-Herrero, T. (2014). Effectiveness of physical therapy in patients with tension-type headache: Literature review. Journal of the Japanese Physical Therapy Association = Rigaku ryoho. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316547/
6. Dunning, J., Butts, R., Mourad, F., Young, I., Flannagan, S., & Perreault, T. (2014, August). Dry needling: A literature review with implications for clinical practice guidelines. Physical therapy reviews : PTR. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117383/
7. Vázquez-Justes, D., Yarzábal-Rodríguez, R., Doménech-García, V., Herrero, P., & Bellosta-López, P. (2022). Effectiveness of dry needling for headache: A systematic review. Neurología (English Edition). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.09.010
8. Gomes, A. O., Martimbianco, A. L. C., Brugnera Junior, A., Horliana, A. C. R. T., da Silva, T., Santos, E. M., Fragoso, Y. D., Fernandes, K. P. S., Nammour, S., & Bussadori, S. K. (2022, January 11). Photobiomodulation for the treatment of primary headache: Systematic review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Life (Basel, Switzerland). Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8781567/
Jane Leong
Physiotherapist
Certified Dry Needling Practitioner
Nearly everyone suffers from back pain at some point. Neck and back pain, whether chronic or acute can often be quite debilitating. Quite an amount of people experience pain when participating or engaging in a certain daily activity which require movement in a certain way as easy as bending their lower back forwards to pick up something from the floor to being very active in sports.
Others have to stop or postpone it completely to things they love because the pain and disability have affected their daily life routine. We should not just justify body problems with pain only. Other discomfort such as numbness, weakness, stiffness, distress and etc. All these are clear indicators that there is an underlying issue and chiropractic can help!
Put a Stop To Pain and Discomfort
A few reviews of research found that chiropractic care is an effective, gentle and non-invasive treatment for both acute and chronic pain. Chiropractic spinal manipulation and mobilization help relieve pain and improve function in people with acute or chronic neck pain.
However, manipulation may be more effective than mobilization for specific clinical indications. Chiropractic manipulation together with patients engage in stretching, flexibility and strengthening exercises provides a better outcome. [1] At BP Chiropractic, our Chiropractors focus on determining the root cause of your conditions so that we can help you to solve your problems and increased health and wellness.
Common Causes of neck and back pain
A similar study was done on chiropractic manipulation for neck-low back pain showed significant reductions in pain (oswestry questionnaire and neck disability index) as well as visual analogue scale. [3]
Combined chiropractic interventions slightly improved pain and disability in the short-term pain in the medium-term for acute and subacute low back pain. [4]
Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back related leg complaints showed the uses of exercise in conjunction with manipulation is likely to speed and improve outcomes as well as minimize episodic recurrence. [5]
Live Life Without Pain
One of the best things about chiropractic is that you no longer have to just live with taking tons of pain relievers multiple times a day. Chiropractic care encourage the body to naturally function and heal itself and is suitable for all ages and stages of life.
1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominski GF, Yu F, Adams AH. A randomized trial of chiropractic manipulation and mobilization for patients with neck pain: clinical outcomes from the UCLA neck-pain study. American Journal of Public Health. 2002 Oct;92(10):1634-41.
2. Bryans R, Decina P, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg RP, Shaw L, Watkin R, White E. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2014 Jan 1;37(1):42-63.
3. Skargren EI, Öberg BE, Carlsson PG, Gade M. Cost and effectiveness analysis of chiropractic and physiotherapy treatment for low back and neck pain: six-month follow-up. Spine. 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2167-77.
4. Walker BF, French SD, Grant W, Green S. Combined chiropractic interventions for low‐back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010(4).
Chiropractic and Physiotherapy treatments have shown a very significant result in restoring or maintaining the curvature of the spine.
What is Scoliosis?
Scoliosis is a chronic condition where the curvature of your spine goes sideways. On X-rays, the human spine with scoliosis may look more like an “S” or “C” than a straight line when viewed from the back.
Scoliosis does not due to heavy backpacks, sleeping sideways, sports, injury, or poor posture. In fact, more than 80% of scoliosis cases have unknown causes/hereditary. Such cases are normally known as Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) which is the most common form of pediatric scoliosis occurring in teenage between the ages of 10 to 18.
As for functional scoliosis which is often due to a temporary cause (no spinal rotation), it could be caused by the pelvis and spinal misalignment, bad posture, slipped disc, nerve impingement, muscle strains, foot pain, functional leg length difference and etc.
This can be corrected and reversed by identifying and addressing the cause.
Do my kids have Scoliosis?
Below are some basic guidelines but further professional and specific diagnostic imaging and examination needed to be conducted to confirm the presence of scoliosis.
Classification of Scoliosis – based on COBBs Angle
| Definition | Spinal Curve | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
| Cobbs Angle | 0-10 | 10-19 | 20-40 | >40 |
>10 degrees considered as scoliosis
Does Scoliosis Get WORSE Over Time?
Approximately 68% of scoliotic curvatures greater than 30 degrees at skeletal maturity tend to progress at a linear rate, regardless of the type of scoliosis curvature pattern.
Benefits of Chiropractic and Physiotherapy Care on Scoliosis Conditions
The key is to understanding and managing scoliosis is staying ahead of its natural tendency to worsen.
SCHROTH METHOD FOR SCOLIOSIS
The Schroth Method is a scoliosis-specific exercise approach. It focuses primarily on the 3D correction of spinal curve patterns. It is conducted through combinations of specific and customized stretching, strengthening, and breathing in reverse directions according to each patient’s unique spinal scoliosis deformation.
SPINAL FLEXION-DISTRACTION THERAPY
Provide gentle and intermittent traction to the spine which is designed specifically for scoliosis rehabilitation.
Depending on the severity of your scoliotic curvature and a series of evaluations, braces may be prescribed to wear as additional prevention for curve progression.
Full spine X-rays normally will be taken to measure the Cobbs’s angle to determine the curvature and conditions of your scoliosis conditions.
In working with Chiropractors and Physiotherapists in BP CHiRO and following your treatment care plan, you are taking an important step toward your long-term health and wellbeing!
1. Marty-Poumarat C., Scattin L., Marpeau M., Garreau de Loubresse C., Aegerter P. Natural history of progressive adult scoliosis. Spine. 2007;32:1227–1234.
2. Weinstein S.L., Dolan L.A., Spratt K.F., Peterson K.K., Spoonamore M.J., Ponseti I.V. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA. 2003;289:559–567.
3. Everett C.R., Patel R.K. A systematic literature review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis. Spine. 2007;32:S130–S134.
4. Farzaneh G, Yahya S, Reza S. The effect of Schroth training course on certain postural and biomechanical parameters of the spine among students with idiopathic scoliosis. Biol Forum. 2015; 7(1): 1885-1889.
5. Schreiber S, Parent EC, Khodayari Moez E, et al. Schroth physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises added to the standard of care lead to better Cobb angle outcomes in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis – an assessor and statistician blinded randomized controlled trial. Baur H, ed. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(12): 1-17.
6. Lehnert-Schroth C. Three-Dimensional Treatment for Scoliosis- A Physiotherapeutic Method for Deformities of the Spine. Palo Alto, CA: Martindale Press; 2007.
7. Schreiber S, Parent EC, Hill DL, Hedden DM, Moreau MJ, Southon SC. Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis perceive positive improvements regardless of change in the Cobb angle –BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019; 20: 1-10.
8.Farooqui SI, Siddiqui PQR, Ansari B, Farhad A. Effects of spinal mobilization techniques in the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis – A meta-analysis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2018 Nov-Dec;12(6):44-49.
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